Pres. Obama's mother................and his step
father................there is something there............he lived in Indonesia
with them............and his half sister...............................his step
father worked for an oil company...........his mother was there doing
anthropological work..............and had female friends doing the
same.............who were married to oil workers as well..............
Ann Dunham
Ann Dunham
From
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the mother of Barack Obama. For the
British equestrian, see Anne Dunham.
Ann Dunham
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Ann Dunham in 1960
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Born
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Stanley Ann Dunham
November 29, 1942 Wichita, Kansas, United States |
Died
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November 7, 1995 (aged 52)
Honolulu, Hawaii, United States |
Cause of death
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Resting place
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Ashes scattered into the Pacific Ocean off Koko Head, Oahu,Hawaii
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Education
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Alma mater
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Occupation
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Known for
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Mother of Barack Obama
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Home town
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Spouse(s)
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Barack Obama, Sr. (1961–1964)
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Lolo Soetoro (1965–1980)
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Children
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Barack Obama (b. 1961)
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Maya Soetoro (b. 1970)
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Parent(s)
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Stanley Armour
Dunham (1918-1992)
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Madelyn Dunham (1922-2008)
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Stanley
Ann Dunham (November
29, 1942 – November 7, 1995) was the mother of Barack Obama, the 44th President
of the United States, and an Americananthropologist who
specialized in economic anthropology and rural development.[1] Dunham was
known as Stanley Dunham through high school, then as Ann Dunham, Ann Obama, Ann
Soetoro, Ann Sutoro (after her second divorce), and finally as Ann Dunham.[2] Born in Wichita, Kansas, Dunham spent her childhood in California,Oklahoma, Texas and Kansas, her teenage years in Mercer Island, Washington,
and most of her adult life in Hawaii and Indonesia.[3]
Dunham
studied at the East–West Center and at the University of Hawaii at Manoa in Honolulu, where she
attained a bachelor's in anthropology[4] and
master's and Ph.D. in anthropology.[5] She also
attended University of Washington at Seattle in 1961-1962. Interested in
craftsmanship, weaving and the role of women in cottage industries,
Dunham's research focused on women's work on the island of Java and blacksmithing in Indonesia. To
address the problem of poverty in rural villages, she created microcredit programs
while working as a consultant for the United States Agency for International Development.
Dunham was also employed by the Ford Foundation in Jakarta and
she consulted with the Asian Development Bank in Gujranwala, Pakistan. Towards the latter part of her life, she
worked with Bank Rakyat Indonesia,
where she helped apply her research to the largest microfinance program
in the world.[5]
After her
son was elected President, interest renewed in Dunham's work: The University of
Hawaii held a symposium about her research; an exhibition of Dunham's
Indonesian batik textile collection toured the United
States; and in December 2009, Duke University Press published Surviving against the Odds: Village
Industry in Indonesia, a book based on Dunham's original 1992 dissertation.
Janny Scott, an author and former New York Times reporter,
published a biography about Ann Dunham's life titled A Singular Woman in 2011. Posthumous interest has also
led to the creation of The Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowment in the Anthropology
Department at the University
of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, as well as the Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate
Fellowships, intended to fund students associated with the East–West Center (EWC) in Honolulu, Hawaii.[6]
In an
interview, Barack Obama referred to his mother as "the dominant figure in
my formative years ... The values she taught me continue to be my
touchstone when it comes to how I go about the world of politics."[7]
Dunham was born on November 29, 1942 at Saint
Francis Hospital in Wichita, Kansas,[8] the only child of Madelyn Lee Payne and Stanley Armour Dunham.[9] She was of predominantly
English ancestry, with some German, Swiss, Scottish, Irish, and Welsh
ancestry.[10] Wild Bill Hickok is her sixth cousin,
five times removed.[11]
Ancestry.com announced on July 30, 2012,
after using a combination of old documents and yDNA analysis,
that Dunham's mother may have been descended from African John Punch,
who was an indentured servant/slave in
seventeenth-century colonial Virginia.[12][13]
Her parents were born in Kansas and met in
Wichita, where they married on May 5, 1940.[14] After the attack on Pearl
Harbor, her father joined the United States Army and
her mother worked at a Boeing plant in
Wichita.[15] According to Dunham, she was
named after her father because he wanted a son, though her relatives doubt this
story and her maternal uncle recalled that her mother named Dunham after her
favorite actress Bette Davis'
character in the film In This Our Life because she thought
it sounded sophisticated.[16] As a child and teenager she
was known as Stanley.[2] Other children teased her about
her name but she used it through high school, "apologizing for it each
time she introduced herself in a new town".[17] By the time Dunham began
attending college, she was known by her middle name, Ann, instead.[2] After World War II, Dunham's family moved from
Wichita to California while
her father attended the University
of California, Berkeley. In 1948, they moved to Ponca City, Oklahoma,
and from there to Vernon, Texas, and
then to El Dorado, Kansas.[18] In 1955, the family moved
to Seattle, Washington,
where her father was employed as a furniture salesman and her mother worked as
vice president of a bank. They lived in an apartment complex in the Wedgwood neighborhood where she
attended Nathan
Eckstein Junior High School.[19]
In 1956, Dunham's family moved to Mercer Island, an Eastside suburb
of Seattle. Dunham's parents wanted their 13-year-old daughter to attend the
newly opened Mercer Island
High School.[7] At the school, teachers Val
Foubert and Jim Wichterman taught the importance of challenging social norms
and questioning authority to the young Dunham, and she took the lessons to
heart: "She felt she didn't need to date or marry or have children."
One classmate remembered her as "intellectually way more mature than we
were and a little bit ahead of her time, in an off-center way",[7] and a high school friend
described her as knowledgeable and progressive: "If you were concerned
about something going wrong in the world, Stanley would know about it first. We
were liberals before we knew what liberals were." Another called her
"the original feminist".[7]
For more details on this topic, see Family of Barack
Obama.
Stanley Armour Dunham, Ann Dunham, Maya Soetoro and Barack Obama,
mid-1970s (l to r)
On August 21, 1959, Hawaii became the 50th state to be
admitted into the Union. Dunham's parents sought business opportunities in the
new state, and after graduating from high school in 1960, Dunham and her family
moved to Honolulu. Dunham soon enrolled at the University of
Hawaii at Mānoa.
While attending a Russian language class, Dunham met Barack Obama, Sr., the school's first African
student.[20][21] At the age of 23, Obama Sr.
had come to Hawaii to pursue his education, leaving behind a pregnant wife and
infant son in his home town of Nyang’oma Kogelo in Kenya.
Dunham and Obama Sr. were married on the Hawaiian island ofMaui on
February 2, 1961, despite parental opposition from both families.[7][22] Dunham was three months
pregnant.[7][17] Obama Sr. eventually informed
Dunham about his first marriage in Kenya but claimed he was divorced. Years
later, she would discover this was false.[21] Obama Sr.'s first wife, Kezia,
later said she had granted her consent for him to marry a second wife, in
keeping with Luo customs.[23]
On August 4, 1961, at the age of 18, Dunham gave
birth to her first child, Barack Obama II.[24] Friends in the state of
Washington recall her visiting with her month-old baby in 1961.[25][26][27][28][29] She took classes at the University of
Washington from September 1961 to June 1962, and lived as a
single mother in the Capitol Hill neighborhood
of Seattle with her son while her husband continued his studies in Hawaii.[19][26][30][31][32] When Obama Sr. graduated from
the University of Hawaii in
June 1962, he was offered a scholarship to study in New York City,[33] but declined it, preferring to
attend the more prestigious Harvard University.[22] He left for Cambridge,
Massachusetts, where he would begin graduate study at Harvard in the
fall of 1962.[21] Dunham returned to Honolulu
and resumed her undergraduate education at the University of Hawaii with the
spring semester in January 1963. During this time, her parents helped her raise
the young Obama. Dunham filed for divorce in January 1964, which Obama Sr. did
not contest.[17] In December 1964, Obama Sr.
married Ruth Baker, a Jewish American of Lithuanian heritage; they were separated
in 1971 and divorced in 1973 after having two sons. In 1965, Obama Sr. received
a M.A. in
economics from Harvard.[34] In 1971, he came to Hawaii for
a month and visited his son Barack, then 10 years old; it was the last time he
would see his son, and their only major personal interaction. In 1982, Obama
Sr. was killed in a car accident.
It was at the East–West Center that
Dunham met Lolo Soetoro,[35] a Javanese[5] surveyor who had come to
Honolulu on September 1962 on an East–West Center grant to study geography at
the University of Hawaii. Soetoro graduated from the University of Hawaii with
an M.A. in geography in June 1964. In 1965, Soetoro and Dunham were married in
Hawaii, and in 1966, Soetoro returned to Indonesia. Dunham graduated from the
University of Hawaii with a B.A. in anthropology on August 6, 1967, and moved
in October the same year with her six-year-old son to Jakarta, Indonesia, to rejoin her husband.[36]
In Indonesia, Soetoro worked first as a low-paid
topographical surveyor for the Indonesian government, and later in the
government relations office of Union Oil Company.[21][37] The family first lived at 16
Kyai Haji Ramli Tengah Street in a newly built neighborhood in the Menteng
Dalam administrative
village of the Tebet subdistrict in South Jakarta for two and a half years,
with her son attending the nearby Indonesian-language Santo Fransiskus Asisi
(St. Francis of Assisi) Catholic School for 1st, 2nd, and part of 3rd grade,
then in 1970 moved two miles north to 22 Taman Amir Hamzah Street in the
Matraman Dalam neighborhood in the Pegangsaan administrative village of
the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta, with her son attending the
Indonesian-language government-run Besuki
School one and half miles east in the exclusive Menteng administrative village of
the Menteng subdistrict for part of 3rd grade and for 4th grade.[38][39] On August 15, 1970, Soetoro
and Dunham had a daughter, Maya Kassandra Soetoro.[14]
In Indonesia, Dunham enriched her son's
education with correspondence
courses in English, recordings of Mahalia Jackson, and speeches by Martin Luther King
Jr. In 1971, she sent the young Obama back to Hawaii to
attend Punahou School starting
in 5th grade rather than having him stay in Indonesia with her.[36] Madelyn Dunham's job at
the Bank of Hawaii,
where she had worked her way up over a decade from clerk to becoming one of its
first two female vice presidents in 1970, helped pay the steep tuition,[40] with some assistance from a
scholarship.[41]
A year later, in August 1972, Dunham and her
daughter moved back to Hawaii to rejoin her son and begin graduate study in
anthropology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Dunham's graduate work was
supported by an Asia Foundation grant
from August 1972 to July 1973 and by an East–West Center Technology and
Development Institute grant from August 1973 to December 1978.[42]
Dunham completed her coursework at the
University of Hawaii for an M.A. in anthropology in December 1974,[5] and after having spent three
years in Hawaii, Dunham, accompanied by her daughter Maya, returned to
Indonesia in 1975 to do anthropological field work.[42][43] Her son chose not to go with
them back to Indonesia, preferring to finish high school at Punahou School in
Honolulu while living with his grandparents.[44]Lolo Soetoro and Dunham divorced on
November 5, 1980; Lolo Soetoro married Erna Kustina in 1980 and had two
children, a son, Yusuf Aji Soetoro (born 1981), and daughter, Rahayu Nurmaida
Soetoro (born 1987). Lolo Soetoro died, age 52, on March 2, 1987, due to liver
failure.[45]
Dunham was not estranged from either ex-husband
and encouraged her children to feel connected to their fathers.[46]
From January 1968 to December 1969, Dunham
taught English and was an assistant director of the Lembaga Persahabatan
Indonesia Amerika (LIA)–the Indonesia-America Friendship Institute at 9 Teuku
Umar Street in the Gondangdia administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict
in Central Jakarta–which was subsidized by U.S. government.[42] From January 1970 to August
1972, Dunham taught English and was a department head and a director of the
Lembaga Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Manajemen (LPPM)–the Institute of
Management Education and Development at 9 Menteng Raya Street in the Kebon
Sirih administrative village of the Menteng subdistrict in Central Jakarta.[42]
From 1968 to 1972, Dunham was a co-founder and
active member of the Ganesha Volunteers (Indonesian Heritage Society) at
the National Museum in
Jakarta.[42][47] From 1972 to 1975, Dunham was
crafts instructor (in weaving, batik,
and dye) at the Bishop Museum in
Honolulu.[42]
Dunham then had a career in rural development, championing women's work and microcredit for the world's poor and
worked with leaders from organizations supporting Indonesian human rights, women's rights, and grass-roots development.[36]
In March 1977, Dunham, under the supervision of
agricultural economics professor Leon A. Mears, developed and taught a short
lecture course at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Indonesia
(FEUI) in Jakarta for staff members of BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan
Nasional)—the Indonesian National Development Planning Agency.[42]
From June 1977 through September 1978, Dunham
carried out research on village industries in the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta
(DIY)—the Yogyakarta
Special Region within Central Java in Indonesia under a student
grant from the East–West Center.[48] As a weaver herself, Dunham was interested in
village industries, and moved to Yogyakarta City, the center of Javanese handicrafts.[43][49]
In May and June 1978, Dunham was a short-term
consultant in the office of the International
Labour Organization (ILO) in Jakarta, writing recommendations
on village industries and other non-agricultural enterprises for the Indonesian
government's third five-year development plan (REPELITA III).[42][48]
From October 1978 to December 1980, Dunham was a
rural industries consultant in Central Java on the Indonesian Ministry of
Industry's Provincial Development Program (PDP I), funded by USAID in Jakarta and implemented through
Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI).[42][48]
From January 1981 to November 1984, Dunham was
the program officer for women and employment in the Ford Foundation's Southeast Asia regional
office in Jakarta.[42][48] While at the Ford Foundation,
she developed a model of microfinance which is now the standard in
Indonesia, a country that is a world leader in micro-credit systems.[50] Peter Geithner, father
of Tim Geithner (who
later became U.S.
Secretary of the Treasury in her son's administration), was
head of the foundation's Asia grant-making at that time.[51]
From May to November 1986 and from August to
November 1987, Dunham was a cottage industries development consultant for
the Agricultural
Development Bank of Pakistan (ADBP) under the Gujranwala
Integrated Rural Development Project (GADP).[42][48] The credit component of the
project was implemented in the Gujranwala district
of the Punjab province
of Pakistan with funding from the Asian Development
Bankand IFAD, with the credit component implemented through Louis Berger
International, Inc.[42][48] Dunham worked closely with
the Lahore office of the Punjab Small
Industries Corporation (PSIC).[42][48]
From January 1988 to 1995, Dunham was a
consultant and research coordinator for Indonesia's oldest bank, Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI)
in Jakarta, with her work funded by USAID and the World Bank.[42][48] In March 1993, Dunham was a
research and policy coordinator for Women's World Banking (WWB)
in New York.[42] She helped WWB manage the
Expert Group Meeting on Women and Finance in New York in January 1994, and
helped the WWB take prominent roles in the UN's Fourth
World Conference on Women held September 4–15, 1995 in Beijing, and in the UN regional conferences
and NGO forums that preceded it.[42]
On August 9, 1992, she was awarded Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of
Hawaii, under the supervision of Prof. Alice G. Dewey, with a 1,043 page
dissertation [52] titled Peasant
blacksmithing in Indonesia: surviving and thriving against all odds.[53] Anthropologist Michael Dove
described the dissertation as "a classic, in-depth, on-the-ground anthropological
study of a 1,200-year-old industry".[54] According to Dove, Dunham's
dissertation challenged popular perceptions regarding economically and
politically marginalized groups, and countered the notions that the roots of
poverty lie with the poor themselves and that cultural differences are
responsible for the gap between less-developed countries and the industrialized
West.[54] According to Dove, Dunham:
found that the villagers
she studied in Central Java had many of the same economic needs, beliefs and
aspirations as the most capitalist of Westerners. Village craftsmen were
"keenly interested in profits", she wrote, and entrepreneurship was
"in plentiful supply in rural Indonesia", having been "part of
the traditional culture" there for a millennium.
Based on these observations, Dr. Soetoro
concluded that underdevelopment in these communities resulted from a scarcity
of capital, the allocation of which was a matter of politics, not culture.
Antipoverty programs that ignored this reality had the potential, perversely,
of exacerbating inequality because they would only reinforce the power of elites.
As she wrote in her dissertation, "many government programs inadvertently
foster stratification by channeling resources through village officials",
who then used the money to strengthen their own status further.[54]
In late 1994, Dunham was living and working in
Indonesia. One night, during dinner at a friend's house in Jakarta, she
experienced stomach pain. A visit to a local physician led to an initial
diagnosis of indigestion.[17]Dunham returned to the United States
in early 1995 and was examined at the Memorial
Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center in New York City and diagnosed
with uterine cancer.
By this time, the cancer had spread to her ovaries.[21] She moved back to Hawaii to
live near her widowed mother and died on November 7, 1995, 22 days short of her
53rd birthday.[36][55][56] Following a memorial service
at the University of Hawaii, Obama and his sister spread their mother's ashes
in the Pacific Ocean at Lanai Lookout on the south side of Oahu.[36] Obama scattered the ashes of
his grandmother (Madelyn Dunham) in the same spot on December 23, 2008, weeks
after his election to the presidency.[57]
Obama talked about Dunham's death in a 30-second
campaign advertisement ("Mother") arguing for health care reform. The
ad featured a photograph of Dunham holding a young Obama in her arms as Obama talks
about her last days worrying about expensive medical bills.[56] The topic also came up in a
2007 speech in Santa Barbara:[56]
I remember my mother. She was 52 years old when
she died of ovarian cancer, and you know what she was thinking about in the
last months of her life? She wasn't thinking about getting well. She wasn't
thinking about coming to terms with her own mortality. She had been diagnosed
just as she was transitioning between jobs. And she wasn't sure whether
insurance was going to cover the medical expenses because they might consider
this a preexisting condition. I remember just being heartbroken, seeing her
struggle through the paperwork and the medical bills and the insurance forms.
So, I have seen what it's like when somebody you love is suffering because of a
broken health care system. And it's wrong. It's not who we are as a people.[56]
Dunham's employer-provided health insurance
covered most of the costs of her medical treatment, leaving her to pay the
deductible and uncovered expenses, which came to several hundred dollars per
month.[58]Her employer-provided disability
insurance denied her claims for uncovered expenses because the insurance
company said her cancer was a preexisting condition.[58]
In September 2008, the University of
Hawaii at Mānoa held a symposium about Dunham.[59] In December 2009, Duke University Press published
a version of Dunham's dissertation titled Surviving against the Odds:
Village Industry in Indonesia. The book was revised and edited by
Dunham's graduate advisor, Alice G. Dewey, and Nancy I. Cooper. Dunham's
daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng,
wrote the foreword for the book. In his afterword, Boston University anthropologist Robert
W. Hefner describes Dunham's research as "prescient" and her legacy
as "relevant today for anthropology, Indonesian studies, and engaged
scholarship".[60] The book was launched at the
2009 annual meeting of the American
Anthropological Association in Philadelphia with a special
Presidential Panel on Dunham's work; The 2009 meeting was taped by C-SPAN.[61]
In 2009, an exhibition of Dunham's Javanese batik textile
collection (A Lady Found a Culture in its Cloth: Barack Obama's Mother and
Indonesian Batiks) toured six museums in the United States, finishing the
tour at the Textile Museum of
Washington, D.C. in August.[62] Early in her life, Dunham
explored her interest in the textile arts as a weaver, creating wall hangings
for her own enjoyment. After moving to Indonesia, she was attracted to the
striking textile art of the batik and began to collect a variety of different
fabrics.[63]
In December 2010 Dunham was awarded the Bintang
Jasa Utama, the highest civilian award in Indonesia.[64]
A lengthy major biography of Dunham by
former New York Times reporter
Janny Scott, titled A Singular Woman, was published in 2011.
The University of Hawaii Foundation has
established the Ann Dunham Soetoro Endowment, which supports a faculty position
housed in the Anthropology Department at the University
of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, and the Ann Dunham Soetoro Graduate
Fellowships, providing funding for students associated with the East–West Center (EWC)
in Honolulu, Hawaii.[6]
On January 1, 2012, President Obama and family
visited an exhibition of his mother's anthropological work on display at the
University of Hawaii.[65]
Filmmaker Vivian Norris's feature length
biographical film of Ann Dunham entitled Obama Mama (La mère d'Obama-French
title) premiered on May 31, 2014 as part of the 40th annual Seattle
International Film Festival, not far from where Dunham grew up on Mercer
Island.[66]
In his 1995 memoir Dreams from My Father,
Barack Obama wrote, "My mother's confidence in needlepoint virtues
depended on a faith I didn't possess... In a land [Indonesia] where fatalism
remained a necessary tool for enduring hardship ... she was a lonely
witness for secular humanism, a soldier for New Deal, Peace Corps,
position-paper liberalism."[67] In his 2006 book The Audacity of Hope Obama
wrote, "I was not raised in a religious household ... My mother's own
experiences ... only reinforced this inherited skepticism. Her memories of
the Christians who populated her youth were not fond ones ... And yet for
all her professed secularism, my mother was in many ways the most spiritually
awakened person that I've ever known."[68] "Religion for her was
"just one of the many ways—and not necessarily the best way—that man
attempted to control the unknowable and understand the deeper truths about our
lives," Obama wrote.[69]
"She felt that somehow, wandering through
uncharted territory, we might stumble upon something that will, in an instant,
seem to represent who we are at the core. That was very much her philosophy of
life—to not be limited by fear or narrow definitions, to not build walls around
ourselves and to do our best to find kinship and beauty in unexpected
places."
Maya Soetoro-Ng[36]
Dunham's daughter, Maya Soetoro-Ng, when asked
later if her mother was an atheist, said, "I wouldn't have called her an
atheist. She was an agnostic. She basically gave us all the good books—the
Bible, the Hindu Upanishads and the Buddhist scripture,
the Tao Te Ching—and
wanted us to recognize that everyone has something beautiful to
contribute."[35] "Jesus, she felt, was a
wonderful example. But she felt that a lot of Christians behaved in
un-Christian ways."[69] On the other hand, Maxine Box,
Dunham's best friend in high school, said that Dunham "touted herself
[then] as an atheist, and it was something she'd read about and could argue.
She was always challenging and arguing and comparing. She was already thinking
about things that the rest of us hadn't."[7]
In a 2007 speech, Obama contrasted the beliefs
of his mother to those of her parents, and commented on her spirituality and
skepticism: "My mother, whose parents were nonpracticing Baptists and
Methodists, was one of the most spiritual souls I ever knew. But she had a
healthy skepticism of religion as an institution."[17]
Obama also described his own beliefs in relation
to the religious upbringing of his mother and father:
My father was from Kenya and a lot of people in
his village were Muslim. He didn't practice Islam. Truth is he wasn't very
religious. He met my mother. My mother was a Christian from Kansas, and they
married and then divorced. I was raised by my mother. So, I've always been a
Christian. The only connection I've had to Islam is that my grandfather on my
father's side came from that country. But I've never practiced Islam.[70]
- Dunham, S Ann (1982). Civil rights of working
Indonesian women. OCLC 428080409.
- Dunham, S Ann (1982). The effects of
industrialization on women workers in Indonesia. OCLC 428078083.
- Dunham, S Ann (1982). Women's work in village
industries on Java. OCLC 663711102.
- Dunham, S Ann (1983). Women's economic
activities in North Coast fishing communities: background for a proposal
from PPA. OCLC 428080414.
- Dunham, S Ann; Haryanto, Roes (1990). BRI
Briefing Booklet: KUPEDES Development Impact Survey. Jakarta: Bank
Rakyat Indonesia.
- Dunham, S Ann (1992). Peasant blacksmithing in
Indonesia : surviving against all odds (Thesis).
Honolulu: University
of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. OCLC 608906279, 607863728 and 221709485.
- Dunham, S Ann; Liputo, Yuliani; Prabantoro, Andityas
(2008). Pendekar-pendekar besi Nusantara : kajian antropologi
tentang pandai besi tradisional di Indonesia [Nusantara iron
warrior-warrior: anthropological studies of traditional blacksmiths in
Indonesia] (in Indonesian). Bandung, Indonesia: Mizan. ISBN 9789794335345. OCLC 778260082.
- Dunham, S Ann (2010) [2009]. Dewey, Alice G; Cooper, Nancy I,
eds. Surviving
against the odds : village industry in Indonesia. Foreword by
Maya Soetoro-Ng; afterword by Robert W. Hefner. Durham, NC:Duke University
Press. ISBN 9780822346876. OCLC 492379459 and 652066335.
- Dunham, S Ann; Ghildyal, Anita (2012). Ann
Dunham's legacy : a collection of Indonesian batik. Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia: Islamic
Arts Museum Malaysia. ISBN 9789834469672. OCLC 809731662.
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