Franklin D. Roosevelt
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"FDR" and "Franklin Roosevelt" redirect here. For other uses, see FDR (disambiguation) and Franklin Roosevelt (disambiguation).
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | |
|---|---|
President Roosevelt in 1944
|
|
| 32nd President of the United States | |
| In office March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945 |
|
| Vice Presidents |
|
| Preceded by | Herbert Hoover |
| Succeeded by | Harry S. Truman |
| 44th Governor of New York | |
| In office January 1, 1929 – December 31, 1932 |
|
| Lieutenant | Herbert H. Lehman |
| Preceded by | Al Smith |
| Succeeded by | Herbert H. Lehman |
| Assistant Secretary of the Navy | |
| In office March 17, 1913 – August 26, 1920 |
|
| President | Woodrow Wilson |
| Preceded by | Beekman Winthrop |
| Succeeded by | Gordon Woodbury |
| Member of the New York State Senate for the 26th District |
|
| In office January 1, 1911 – March 17, 1913 |
|
| Preceded by | John F. Schlosser |
| Succeeded by | James E. Towner |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 30, 1882 Hyde Park, New York, U.S. |
| Died | April 12, 1945 (aged 63) Warm Springs, Georgia, U.S. |
| Resting place | Home of FDR National Historic Site, Hyde Park, New York |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Eleanor Roosevelt (m. 1905) |
| Relations | See Roosevelt family and Delano family |
| Children | |
| Parents | James Roosevelt I Sara Roosevelt |
| Education | |
| Signature |  |
|
||
|---|---|---|
President of the United States First Term Second Term Third Term Fourth Term  |
||
A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections being the longest-running president in US history and dominated his party after 1932 as a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and a total war.
His program for relief, recovery, and reform, known as the New Deal, involved a great expansion of the federal government's role in the economy. As a dominant leader of the Democratic Party, he built the New Deal Coalition that brought together and united labor unions, big city machines, white ethnics, African Americans, and rural white Southerners in support of the party. The Coalition significantly realigned American politics after 1932, creating the Fifth Party System and defining American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century.
Roosevelt was born in 1882, to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County, New York. He attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School and Harvard College in Massachusetts. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, with whom he had six children. He entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson.
In 1920, Roosevelt ran for vice president with presidential candidate James M. Cox, but the Cox/Roosevelt ticket lost to the Republican ticket of Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge. Roosevelt was stricken with debilitating polio in 1921, which cost him the use of his legs and put his future political career in jeopardy, but he attempted to recover from the illness, and founded the treatment center for people with polio in Warm Springs, Georgia. After returning to political life by placing Alfred E. Smith's name into nomination at the 1924 Democratic National Convention, Roosevelt, at Smith's behest, successfully ran for Governor of New York in 1928. In office from 1929 to 1933, he served as a reform governor promoting the enactment of programs to combat the Great Depression besetting the United States at the time.
In 1932, in the depths of the Great Depression, Roosevelt successfully defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover to win the presidency of the United States. Energized by his personal victory over his polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit.[3] In his first 100 days in office, which began March 4, 1933, Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal—a variety of programs designed to produce relief (government jobs for the unemployed), recovery (economic growth), and reform (through regulation of Wall Street, banks and transportation). He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance. The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936. The economy improved rapidly from 1933-37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, and blocked almost all proposals for major liberal legislation (except the minimum wage, which did pass). When the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business. Along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security.
As World War II loomed after 1938, with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany, Roosevelt gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China and the United Kingdom, while remaining officially neutral. His goal was to make America the "Arsenal of Democracy", which would supply munitions to the Allies. In March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China.
Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which he called "a date which will live in infamy", Roosevelt sought and obtained the quick approval, on December 8, of the United States Congress to declare war on Japan and, a few days later, on Germany. (Hitler had already declared war on the US in support of Japan). Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins, and with very strong national support, he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies against Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan in World War II. He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort, and also ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians. As an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world's first nuclear bomb. His work also influenced the later creation of the United Nations and Bretton Woods.
During the war, unemployment dropped to 2%, relief programs largely ended, and the industrial economy grew rapidly to new heights as millions of people moved to wartime factory jobs or entered military service.[4] Roosevelt's health seriously declined during the war years, and he died three months into his fourth term. He is often rated by scholars as one of the top three U.S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.[5]
Contents
- 1 Personal life
- 2 Early political career
- 3 Polio
- 4 Governor of New York (1929–32)
- 5 1932 presidential election
- 6 Presidency (1933–45)
- 7 Civil rights
- 8 Criticism
- 9 Legacy
- 10 Appendix
- 11 See also
- 12 Endmatter
- 13 External links
Personal life
See also: Roosevelt family and Delano family
Early life and education
One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts[a] distinguished themselves in areas other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution.[7]Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president. His paternal family had become prosperous early on in New York real estate and trade, and much of his immediate family's wealth had been built by FDR's maternal grandfather, Warren Delano, Jr., in the China trade, including opium and tea.[8]
A young, unbreeched Roosevelt in 1884, 2 years old.[b]
Roosevelt grew up in an atmosphere of privilege. (Reportedly, when James Roosevelt took his five-year-old son[14] to visit President Grover Cleveland in the White House, the busy president told Franklin, "I have one wish for you, little man, that you will never be President of the United States."[15]) Sara was a possessive mother; James, 54 when Franklin was born, was considered by some as a remote father, though biographer James MacGregor Burns indicates James interacted with his son more than was typical at the time.[16] Sara was the dominant influence in Franklin's early years;[17] she once declared, "My son Franklin is a Delano, not a Roosevelt at all."[7] During his childhood, Roosevelt and his mother Sara spent every summer and major holidays together at the Delano Homestead in Fairhaven, Massachusetts. Franklin would use the Delano Homestead as his home on weekends when he eventually enrolled into the prestigious institutions of Groton and Harvard also located in the state.[18] Frequent trips to Europe—he made his first at the age of two, and went with his parents every year from the ages of seven to 15[19]—helped Roosevelt become conversant in German and French;[20] being arrested with his tutor by police four times in one day in the Black Forest for minor offenses may have affected the future president's view of German character.[21] He learned to ride, shoot, row, and play polo and lawn tennis. He took up golf in his teen years, becoming a skilled long hitter.[22] He learned to sail, and his father gave him a sailboat at the age of 16 which he named "New Moon".[23]
Roosevelt attended Groton School, an Episcopal boarding school in Groton, Massachusetts; 90% of the students were from families on the social register. He was strongly influenced by its headmaster, Endicott Peabody, who preached the duty of Christians to help the less fortunate and urged his students to enter public service. Forty years later Roosevelt said of Peabody, "It was a blessing in my life to have the privilege of [his] guiding hand",[24] and the headmaster remained a strong influence throughout his life, officiating at his wedding and visiting Roosevelt as president.[25]
Peabody recalled Roosevelt as "a quiet, satisfactory boy of more than ordinary intelligence, taking a good position in his form but not brilliant",[26] while a classmate described Roosevelt as "nice, but completely colorless"; an average student, he only stood out in being the only Democratic student, continuing the political tradition of his side of the Roosevelt family.[27] Roosevelt remained consistent in his politics; immediately after his fourth election to the presidency, he defined his domestic policy as "a little left of center".[28][29]
Like all but two of his 21 Groton classmates, Roosevelt went to Harvard College in nearby Cambridge, Massachusetts,[30] where he lived in a suite which is now part of Adams House, in the "Gold Coast" area populated by wealthy students. His mother Sara moved to Boston in 1900 to be closer to her son. Again an average student academically,[31] Roosevelt later declared, "I took economics courses in college for four years, and everything I was taught was wrong."[32] He was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity[33] and the Fly Club.[34]
While undistinguished as a student or athlete, he became editor-in-chief of The Harvard Crimson daily newspaper,[35] a position which required great ambition, energy, and ability to manage others.[36] While he was at Harvard, his fifth cousin Theodore "T. R." Roosevelt, Jr. (1858–1919) became President of the United States; his vigorous leadership style and reforming zeal made him Franklin's role model and hero.[37] The younger Roosevelt remained a Democrat, campaigning for Theodore's opponent William Jennings Bryan.[38] In mid-1902, Franklin was formally introduced to his future wife Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962), Theodore's niece, on a train to Tivoli, New York, although they had met briefly as children.[39] Eleanor and Franklin were fifth cousins, once removed.[40] She was the daughter of Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt (1860–94) and Anna Rebecca Hall (1863–92) of the Livingston family. At the time of their engagement, Roosevelt was twenty-two and Eleanor nineteen.[41] He graduated from Harvard in 1903 with an A.B. in history. He later received an honorary LL.D. from Harvard in 1929.[42]
Roosevelt entered Columbia Law School in 1904, dropping out in 1907 after passing the New York State Bar exam.[43] He later received a posthumous J.D. from Columbia Law School.[44] In 1908, he took a job with the prestigious Wall Street firm of Carter Ledyard & Milburn,[45] dealing mainly with corporate law.
He was first initiated in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and was initiated into Freemasonry on October 11, 1911, at Holland Lodge No. 8, New York City.[46][47]
Franklin D. Roosevelt
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"FDR" and "Franklin Roosevelt" redirect here. For other uses, see FDR (disambiguation) and Franklin Roosevelt (disambiguation).
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | |
|---|---|
|
President Roosevelt in 1944
|
|
| 32nd President of the United States | |
| In office March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945 |
|
| Vice Presidents |
|
| Preceded by | Herbert Hoover |
| Succeeded by | Harry S. Truman |
| 44th Governor of New York | |
| In office January 1, 1929 – December 31, 1932 |
|
| Lieutenant | Herbert H. Lehman |
| Preceded by | Al Smith |
| Succeeded by | Herbert H. Lehman |
| Assistant Secretary of the Navy | |
| In office March 17, 1913 – August 26, 1920 |
|
| President | Woodrow Wilson |
| Preceded by | Beekman Winthrop |
| Succeeded by | Gordon Woodbury |
| Member of the New York State Senate for the 26th District |
|
| In office January 1, 1911 – March 17, 1913 |
|
| Preceded by | John F. Schlosser |
| Succeeded by | James E. Towner |
| Personal details | |
| Born | January 30, 1882 Hyde Park, New York, U.S. |
| Died | April 12, 1945 (aged 63) Warm Springs, Georgia, U.S. |
| Resting place | Home of FDR National Historic Site, Hyde Park, New York |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Eleanor Roosevelt (m. 1905) |
| Relations | See Roosevelt family and Delano family |
| Children | |
| Parents | James Roosevelt I Sara Roosevelt |
| Education | |
| Signature | |
|
||
|---|---|---|
President of the United States First Term Second Term Third Term Fourth Term |
||
A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections being the longest-running president in US history and dominated his party after 1932 as a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic depression and a total war.
His program for relief, recovery, and reform, known as the New Deal, involved a great expansion of the federal government's role in the economy. As a dominant leader of the Democratic Party, he built the New Deal Coalition that brought together and united labor unions, big city machines, white ethnics, African Americans, and rural white Southerners in support of the party. The Coalition significantly realigned American politics after 1932, creating the Fifth Party System and defining American liberalism throughout the middle third of the 20th century.
Roosevelt was born in 1882, to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County, New York. He attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School and Harvard College in Massachusetts. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, with whom he had six children. He entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson.
In 1920, Roosevelt ran for vice president with presidential candidate James M. Cox, but the Cox/Roosevelt ticket lost to the Republican ticket of Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge. Roosevelt was stricken with debilitating polio in 1921, which cost him the use of his legs and put his future political career in jeopardy, but he attempted to recover from the illness, and founded the treatment center for people with polio in Warm Springs, Georgia. After returning to political life by placing Alfred E. Smith's name into nomination at the 1924 Democratic National Convention, Roosevelt, at Smith's behest, successfully ran for Governor of New York in 1928. In office from 1929 to 1933, he served as a reform governor promoting the enactment of programs to combat the Great Depression besetting the United States at the time.
In 1932, in the depths of the Great Depression, Roosevelt successfully defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover to win the presidency of the United States. Energized by his personal victory over his polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit.[3] In his first 100 days in office, which began March 4, 1933, Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented major legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that instituted the New Deal—a variety of programs designed to produce relief (government jobs for the unemployed), recovery (economic growth), and reform (through regulation of Wall Street, banks and transportation). He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to encourage labor union growth while more closely regulating business and high finance. The repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, helping him win re-election by a landslide in 1936. The economy improved rapidly from 1933-37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, and blocked almost all proposals for major liberal legislation (except the minimum wage, which did pass). When the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business. Along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security.
As World War II loomed after 1938, with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany, Roosevelt gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China and the United Kingdom, while remaining officially neutral. His goal was to make America the "Arsenal of Democracy", which would supply munitions to the Allies. In March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China.
Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which he called "a date which will live in infamy", Roosevelt sought and obtained the quick approval, on December 8, of the United States Congress to declare war on Japan and, a few days later, on Germany. (Hitler had already declared war on the US in support of Japan). Assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins, and with very strong national support, he worked closely with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in leading the Allies against Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Imperial Japan in World War II. He supervised the mobilization of the U.S. economy to support the war effort, and also ordered the internment of 100,000 Japanese American civilians. As an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and the development of the world's first nuclear bomb. His work also influenced the later creation of the United Nations and Bretton Woods.
During the war, unemployment dropped to 2%, relief programs largely ended, and the industrial economy grew rapidly to new heights as millions of people moved to wartime factory jobs or entered military service.[4] Roosevelt's health seriously declined during the war years, and he died three months into his fourth term. He is often rated by scholars as one of the top three U.S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.[5]
Contents
- 1 Personal life
- 2 Early political career
- 3 Polio
- 4 Governor of New York (1929–32)
- 5 1932 presidential election
- 6 Presidency (1933–45)
- 7 Civil rights
- 8 Criticism
- 9 Legacy
- 10 Appendix
- 11 See also
- 12 Endmatter
- 13 External links
Personal life
See also: Roosevelt family and Delano family
Early life and education
One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts[a] distinguished themselves in areas other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution.[7]Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president. His paternal family had become prosperous early on in New York real estate and trade, and much of his immediate family's wealth had been built by FDR's maternal grandfather, Warren Delano, Jr., in the China trade, including opium and tea.[8]
A young, unbreeched Roosevelt in 1884, 2 years old.[b]
Roosevelt grew up in an atmosphere of privilege. (Reportedly, when James Roosevelt took his five-year-old son[14] to visit President Grover Cleveland in the White House, the busy president told Franklin, "I have one wish for you, little man, that you will never be President of the United States."[15]) Sara was a possessive mother; James, 54 when Franklin was born, was considered by some as a remote father, though biographer James MacGregor Burns indicates James interacted with his son more than was typical at the time.[16] Sara was the dominant influence in Franklin's early years;[17] she once declared, "My son Franklin is a Delano, not a Roosevelt at all."[7] During his childhood, Roosevelt and his mother Sara spent every summer and major holidays together at the Delano Homestead in Fairhaven, Massachusetts. Franklin would use the Delano Homestead as his home on weekends when he eventually enrolled into the prestigious institutions of Groton and Harvard also located in the state.[18] Frequent trips to Europe—he made his first at the age of two, and went with his parents every year from the ages of seven to 15[19]—helped Roosevelt become conversant in German and French;[20] being arrested with his tutor by police four times in one day in the Black Forest for minor offenses may have affected the future president's view of German character.[21] He learned to ride, shoot, row, and play polo and lawn tennis. He took up golf in his teen years, becoming a skilled long hitter.[22] He learned to sail, and his father gave him a sailboat at the age of 16 which he named "New Moon".[23]
Roosevelt attended Groton School, an Episcopal boarding school in Groton, Massachusetts; 90% of the students were from families on the social register. He was strongly influenced by its headmaster, Endicott Peabody, who preached the duty of Christians to help the less fortunate and urged his students to enter public service. Forty years later Roosevelt said of Peabody, "It was a blessing in my life to have the privilege of [his] guiding hand",[24] and the headmaster remained a strong influence throughout his life, officiating at his wedding and visiting Roosevelt as president.[25]
Peabody recalled Roosevelt as "a quiet, satisfactory boy of more than ordinary intelligence, taking a good position in his form but not brilliant",[26] while a classmate described Roosevelt as "nice, but completely colorless"; an average student, he only stood out in being the only Democratic student, continuing the political tradition of his side of the Roosevelt family.[27] Roosevelt remained consistent in his politics; immediately after his fourth election to the presidency, he defined his domestic policy as "a little left of center".[28][29]
Like all but two of his 21 Groton classmates, Roosevelt went to Harvard College in nearby Cambridge, Massachusetts,[30] where he lived in a suite which is now part of Adams House, in the "Gold Coast" area populated by wealthy students. His mother Sara moved to Boston in 1900 to be closer to her son. Again an average student academically,[31] Roosevelt later declared, "I took economics courses in college for four years, and everything I was taught was wrong."[32] He was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity[33] and the Fly Club.[34]
While undistinguished as a student or athlete, he became editor-in-chief of The Harvard Crimson daily newspaper,[35] a position which required great ambition, energy, and ability to manage others.[36] While he was at Harvard, his fifth cousin Theodore "T. R." Roosevelt, Jr. (1858–1919) became President of the United States; his vigorous leadership style and reforming zeal made him Franklin's role model and hero.[37] The younger Roosevelt remained a Democrat, campaigning for Theodore's opponent William Jennings Bryan.[38] In mid-1902, Franklin was formally introduced to his future wife Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962), Theodore's niece, on a train to Tivoli, New York, although they had met briefly as children.[39] Eleanor and Franklin were fifth cousins, once removed.[40] She was the daughter of Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt (1860–94) and Anna Rebecca Hall (1863–92) of the Livingston family. At the time of their engagement, Roosevelt was twenty-two and Eleanor nineteen.[41] He graduated from Harvard in 1903 with an A.B. in history. He later received an honorary LL.D. from Harvard in 1929.[42]
Roosevelt entered Columbia Law School in 1904, dropping out in 1907 after passing the New York State Bar exam.[43] He later received a posthumous J.D. from Columbia Law School.[44] In 1908, he took a job with the prestigious Wall Street firm of Carter Ledyard & Milburn,[45] dealing mainly with corporate law.
He was first initiated in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and was initiated into Freemasonry on October 11, 1911, at Holland Lodge No. 8, New York City.[46][47]
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