James Smithson
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| James Smithson | |
|---|---|
James Smithson by Henri-Joseph Johns, 1816
| |
| Born | Jacques-Louis Macie 5 June 1765 Paris, France |
| Died | 27 May 1829 (aged 63) Genoa, Italy |
| Nationality | British |
| Fields | Chemistry Mineralogy |
| Alma mater | Pembroke College, Oxford |
| Known for | Founding donor of theSmithsonian Institution |
James Smithson, MA, FRS (5 June 1765 – 27 June 1829) was an English chemist and mineralogist. He was the founding donor of the Smithsonian Institution.
Smithson was the illegitimate child of the 1st Duke of Northumberland, and was born secretly in Paris, possibly in the Pentemont Abbey,[1] as Jacques-Louis Macie (later altered to James Louis). Eventually, he was naturalized in England and attended university, studying chemistry and mineralogy. At the age of twenty-two, he changed his surname from Macie to Smithson, his father's pre-marriage surname.[2] Smithson traveled extensively throughout Europe publishing papers about his findings. Considered a talented amateur in his field, Smithson maintained an inheritance he acquired from his mother and other relatives.
Smithson was never married, and had no children; therefore, when he wrote his will, he left his estate to his nephew, or his nephew's family if his nephew died before Smithson. If his nephew was to die without heirs, however, Smithson's will stipulated that his estate be donated to the founding of an educational institution in Washington, D.C., in the United States. In 1835, his nephew died, and could not claim to be the recipient of his estate; therefore, Smithson became the founding donor of theSmithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. – despite having never visited the United States.
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[hide]Early life[edit]
James Smithson was born in 1765 to Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland and Elizabeth Hungerford Keate Macie.[3] His mother was the widow of James Macie, a wealthy man from Weston, Bath.[4] An illegitimate child, Smithson was born in secret in Paris, resulting in his birth name being the Francophone Jacques-Louis Macie (later altered to James Louis Macie). After the death of his parents, he changed his last name to Smithson, the surname of his biological father prior to marriage.[3][5] He was educated and eventually naturalized in England.[4] In 1766, his mother inherited Hungerfords of Studley, where her brother had lived up until his death.[6] Smithson enrolled at Pembroke College, Oxford in 1782 and graduated in 1786, later taking his MA.[7][8]
Smithson was nomadic in his lifestyle, traveling throughout Europe.[3] As a student, in 1784, he participated in a geological expedition with Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond,William Thornton and Paolo Andreani of Scotland and the Hebrides.[9] He was in Paris during the French Revolution.[3] In August 1807 Smithson became a prisoner of war while in Tönning during the Napoleonic Wars. He arranged a transfer to Hamburg, where he was again imprisoned, now by the French. The following year, Smithson wrote toSir Joseph Banks and asked him to use his influence to help free Smithson. Banks succeeded and Smithson returned to England.[10] He never married or had children.[3]Smithson's wealth stemmed from the splitting of his mother's estate with his half-brother, Col. Henry Louis Dickenson.[6]
Scientific work[edit]
Smithson's research work was eclectic. He studied subjects ranging from coffee making to the use of calamine in making brass, which would eventually be called smithsonite. He also studied the chemistry of human tears, snake venom and other natural occurrences. Smithson would publish twenty-seven papers.[3] He was nominated to the Royal Society of London by Henry Cavendish and was made a fellow on April 26, 1787.[11] Smithson socialized and worked with scientists Joseph Priestley, Sir Joseph Banks, Antoine Lavoisier, andRichard Kirwan.[2]
His first paper was presented at the Royal Society on July 7, 1791, "An Account of Some Chemical Experiments on Tabasheer."[12] Tabasheer is a substance used in traditional Indian medicine and derived from material collected insides bamboo culms. The samples that Macie analyzed had been sent by Patrick Russell, physician-naturalist in India.[13]In 1802 he read his second paper, "A Chemical Analysis of Some Calamines," at the Royal Society. It was published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London and was the documented instance of his new name, James Smithson. In the paper, Smithson challenges the idea that the mineral calamine is an oxide of zinc. His discoveries made calamine a "true mineral."[14] He explored and examined Kirkdale Cave and published about his findings in 1824. His findings successfully challenged previous beliefs that the fossils within the formations at the cave were from the Great Flood.[15] Smithson is credited with first using the word "silicates".[2]
Later life and death[edit]
Smithson died in Genoa, Italy on June 27, 1829.[3][16] He was buried in Sampierdarena in a Protestant cemetery.[16] In his will, Smithson left his fortune to the son of his half-brother – that is, his nephew, Henry James Dickenson (who had to change his surname to Hungerford as a condition of receiving the inheritance).[6] In the will, which was written in 1826, Smithson stated that Henry James Hungerford, or Hungerford's children, would receive his inheritance, and that if his nephew did not live, and had no children to receive the fortune, it would be donated to the United States to have an educational institution called the Smithsonian Institution founded.[17]
Henry Hungerford died on June 5, 1835, unmarried and leaving behind no children, and the United States was the recipient.[17][18] In his will, Smithson explained the Smithsonian mission:
Legacy and the Smithsonian[edit]
It was not until 1835 that the United States government was informed about the bequest. Aaron Vail wrote to Secretary of State John Forsyth.[19] This information was then passed onto President Andrew Jacksonwho then informed Congress. A committee was organized and the Smithsonian Institution was founded.[20] Smithson's estate was sent to the United States, accompanied by Richard Rush. The estate arrived as gold sovereigns in eleven boxes.[21][22] Smithson's personal items, scientific notes, minerals, and library also traveled with Rush.[21] The gold was transferred to the treasury in Philadelphia and was reminted into $508,318.46.[22] The final funds from Smithson were received in 1864 from Marie de la Batut, Smithson's nephew's mother. This final amount totaled $54,165.38.[23]
On February 24, 1847, the Board of Regents, who oversaw the creation of the Smithsonian, approved the seal for the institution. The seal, based on an engraving by Pierre Joseph Tiolier, was manufactured by Edward Stabler and designed by Robert Dale Owen.[24] Smithson's papers and collection of minerals were destroyed in a fire in 1865, however, his collection of 213 books remain intact at the Smithsonian.[3][25][26]The Board of Regents acquired a portrait of Smithson, which shows Smithson dressed in Oxford University student attire. The painting, by James Roberts, is now on display in the crypt at the Smithsonian Castle.[27]An additional portrait, a miniature, and the original draft of Smithson's will were acquired in 1877, which now reside in the National Portrait Gallery and Smithsonian Institution Archives, respectively.[28] Additional items were acquired from Smithson's relatives in 1878.[29]
Relocation of Smithson's remains to Washington[edit]
Smithson was buried just outside of Genoa, Italy. The United States consul in Genoa was asked to maintain the grave site, with sponsorship for its maintenance coming from the Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Secretary Samuel P. Langley visited the site, contributing further money to maintain it and requested a plaque be designed for the grave site. Three plaques were created by William Ordway Partridge. One was placed at the grave site, a second at a Protestant chapel in Genoa, and the last was gifted to Pembroke College, Oxford. Only one of the plaques exists today. The plaque at the grave site was stolen and then replaced with a marble version. During World War II, the Protestant chapel was destroyed and the plaque was looted. A copy was eventually placed at the site in 1963.[25] The grave site itself was going to be relocated in 1905, and in response, Alexander Graham Bell, who was a regent for the Smithsonian, requested that Smithson's remains be moved to the Smithsonian Institution Building. In 1903, Bell and his wife, Mabel Gardiner Hubbard, traveled to Genoa to exhume the body. The body set sail from Genoa on January 7, 1904 and arrived on January 20. On January 25, a ceremony was held and the body was escorted through Washington, D.C. by the United States Cavalry.[30] When handing over the remains to the Smithsonian, Bell stated:
The coffin then lay in state in the Board of Regents' room, where objects from Smithson's personal collection were on display.[30]
Memorial[edit]
After the arrival of Smithson's remains, the Board of Regents asked Congress to fund a memorial. Artists and architects were solicited to create proposals for the monument. Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Louis Saint-Gaudens, Gutzon Borglum, Totten & Rogers, Henry Bacon, and Hornblower & Marshall were some of the many artists and architectural firms who submitted proposals. The proposals varied in design, from elaborate monumental tombs that, if built, would have been bigger than the Lincoln Memorial, to smaller monuments just outside the Smithsonian Castle. Congress decided not to fund the memorial. To accommodate the fact that the Smithsonian would have to fund the memorial, they used the design of Gutzon Borglum, which suggested a remodel of the south tower room of the Smithsonian Castle to house the memorial surrounded by four Corinthian columns and a vaulted ceiling. Instead of the tower room, a smaller room at the north entrance, which was a children's museum, would house an Italian-style sarcophagus.[31]
On December 8, 1904, the Italian crypt was shipped, in sixteen crates from Italy. It traveled on the same ship that the remains of Smithson traveled on. Architecture firm Hornblower & Marshall designed the mortuary chapel, which included marble laurel wreaths and a neo-classical design. Smithson was entombed on March 6, 1905. His casket, which had been held in the Regent's Room, was carried down the spiral staircase of the Castle and placed into the ground underneath the crypt. This chapel was to serve as a temporary space for Smithson's remains until Congress approved a larger memorial. However, that never happened, and the remains of Smithson still lie there today.[32]
Ancestors[edit]
| 8. Sir Hugh Smithson, 3rd Bart., of Stanwick, (1657-1733) | ||||||||||||||||
| 4. Langsdale Smithson | ||||||||||||||||
| 9. Hon. Elizabeth Langdale | ||||||||||||||||
| 2. Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland[33] | ||||||||||||||||
| 10. William Reveley of Newby Wiske (1662-1725) | ||||||||||||||||
| 5. Philadelphia Reveley | ||||||||||||||||
| 11. Margery Willey | ||||||||||||||||
| 1. James (Jacques) Louis Macie Smithson | ||||||||||||||||
| 12. John Keate Esq. | ||||||||||||||||
| 6. Lt. John Hungerford Keate Esq. (1709-c1755) | ||||||||||||||||
| 13. Frances Hungerford | ||||||||||||||||
| 3. Elizabeth Hungerford Keate Macie (1728-1800) | ||||||||||||||||
| 14. Henry Fleming DD, (1659-1728), Rector of Grasmere[34] | ||||||||||||||||
| 7. Penelope Fleming (c1711-1764) | ||||||||||||||||
| 15. Mary Fletcher | ||||||||||||||||
References[edit]
- ^ Ewing, Heather (2010). The Lost World of James Smithson: Science, Revolution and the Birth of the Smithsonian. A&C Black. p. Acknowledgements, Note 35.
- ^ a b c Colquhoun, Kate (31 May 2007). "A very British pioneer". The Telepgrah. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "James Smithson". Smithsonian History. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 6 May2012.
- ^ a b Goode, George Brown (1897). Birth of James Smithson. New York: De Vinne Press. pp. 1, 9.
- ^ "James Macie Changes His Name to Smithson". Public Records Office, Great Britain. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
- ^ a b c Goode, George Brown (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846-1896, The History of Its First Half Century. Washington, D.C: De Vinne Press. p. 22.
- ^ "James Smithson Enrolls at Oxford". Record Unit 7000, Box 5. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved6 May 2012.
- ^ Goode, George Brown (1880). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846-1896, The History of Its First Half Century. Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Press. pp. 10–11.
- ^ Goode, George Brown (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846-1896, The History of Its First Half Century. Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Press. p. 10.
- ^ "Smithson Held as a Prisoner of War". James Smithson Collection, 1796-1951. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
- ^ Goode, George Brown (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846-1896, The History of Its First Half Century. Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Press. p. 11.
- ^ Goode, George Brown (1897). The Smithsonian Institution, 1846-1896, The History of Its First Half Century. Washington, D.C.: De Vinne Press. p. 11.
- ^ Macie, ames Louis Macie, Esq. (1791). "An Account of Some Chemical Experiments on Tabasheer". P
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