An officer and a gentleman..................and a baseball legend.........................but what might be the most important...........is what his MLB career and his life meant to civil rights...........Rosa Parks went to jail for refusing to give up her seat..........in the 1960s............Jackie did that in the 1940s..........

Military career

Robinson in his Army uniform, ca. 1943, during a visit to his home in Pasadena, California, receiving a military salute from his nephew Frank

In 1942, Robinson was drafted and assigned to a segregated Army cavalry unit in Fort Riley, Kansas. Having the requisite qualifications, Robinson and several other black soldiers applied for admission to an Officer Candidate School (OCS) then located at Fort Riley. Although the Army's initial July 1941 guidelines for OCS had been drafted as race-neutral, practically speaking few black applicants were admitted into OCS until after subsequent directives by Army leadership.^[48] As a result, the applications of Robinson and his colleagues were delayed for several months.^[49] After protests by heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis (then stationed at Fort Riley) and the help of Truman Gibson (then an assistant civilian aide to the Secretary of War),^[50] the men were accepted into OCS.^[44][49][51] This common military experience spawned a personal friendship between Robinson and Louis.^[52][53] Upon finishing OCS, Robinson was commissioned as a second lieutenant in January 1943.^[36] Shortly afterward, Robinson and Isum were formally engaged.^[49]

After receiving his commission, Robinson was reassigned to Fort Hood, Texas, where he joined the 761st "Black Panthers" Tank Battalion. While at Fort Hood, 2LT Robinson often used his weekend leave to visit the Rev. Karl Downs, President of Sam Huston College (now Huston-Tillotson University) in nearby Austin, Texas; Downs had been Robinson's pastor at Scott United Methodist Church while Robinson attended PJC.^[31][54]

An event on July 6, 1944, derailed Robinson's military career.^[55] While awaiting results of hospital tests on the ankle he had injured in junior college, Robinson boarded an Army bus with a fellow officer's wife; although the Army had commissioned its own unsegregated bus line, the bus driver ordered Robinson to move to the back of the bus.^[56][57][58] Robinson refused. The driver backed down, but after reaching the end of the line, summoned the military police, who took Robinson into custody.^[56][59] When Robinson later confronted the investigating duty officer about racist questioning by the officer and his assistant, the officer recommended Robinson be court-martialed.^[56][60] After Robinson's commander in the 761st, Paul L. Bates, refused to authorize the legal action,^[61] Robinson was summarily transferred to the 758th Battalion—where the commander quickly consented to charge Robinson with multiple offenses, including, among other charges, public drunkenness, even though Robinson did not drink.^[56][62]

By the time of the court-martial in August 1944, the charges against Robinson had been reduced to two counts of insubordination during questioning.^[56] Robinson was acquitted by an all-white panel of nine officers.^[56] The experiences Robinson was subjected to during the court proceedings would be remembered when he later joined MLB and was subjected to racist attacks.^[63] Although his former unit, the 761st Tank Battalion, became the first black tank unit to see combat in World War II, Robinson's court-martial proceedings prohibited him from being deployed overseas, thus he never saw combat action.^[64]

After his acquittal, he was transferred to Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky, where he served as a coach for army athletics until receiving an honorable discharge in November 1944.^[65] While there, Robinson met a former player for the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro American League, who encouraged Robinson to write the Monarchs and ask for a tryout.^[66] Robinson took the former player's advice and wrote to Monarchs' co-owner Thomas Baird.^[67]