Throughout the 1790s Tecumseh led Shawnee resistance against white incursion into the Old Northwest. After 1805, The Prophet’s messianic espousal of native religion brought thousands of Indians from eastern states to the Shawnee village near Tippecanoe, Indiana. While The Prophet preached, Tecumseh formed pan-tribal alliances based on common ownership of Indian lands, multi-tribal treaties with whites (rather than local ones), and refusal to sell any more land to settlers. While he was away in 1811, General Willian Henry Harrison attacked and burned the Tippecanoe village. When the War of 1812 broke out a few months later Tecumseh sided with the British and was killed in battle in October 1813.
About 1797, during a temporary cessation of hostilities between Indians and whites, Stephen Ruddell decided to return to settler life. He traveled with a party of warriors to northern Indiana and gave himself up to General Anthony Wayne, who reunited him with his father. They returned to Kentucky, where Ruddell was educated and became a prosperous farmer. During the War of 1812 he was instrumental in persuading some bands of Shawnees to side with the United States rather than to join the British. In later years he was a Baptist minister in Terre Haute, Indiana, and in Ohio. As late as 1845 he was living in Adams County, Illinois, near the Mississippi River.
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