Scientology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the belief system and practices. For the organization, see Church of Scientology. For other uses, see Scientology (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Religious Science or Christian Science.
The Scientology symbol is composed of the letter S, which stands for Scientology, and theARC and KRC triangles, two important concepts in Scientology.[1]
| |
| Formation | 1954[2] |
|---|---|
| Type | Corporation-owned religion[3][4] |
| Headquarters | Gold Base Riverside County, California[5] |
| David Miscavige | |
| Website | www.scientology.org |
| Remarks | Flagship facility: Church of Scientology International, Los Angeles, California, USA |
Scientology is a body of beliefs and related practices created by American author L. Ron Hubbard (1911–1986), beginning in 1952 as an expansion of his earlier system, Dianetics.[6] Hubbard characterized Scientology as a religion, and in 1953 he incorporated the Church of Scientology in Camden, New Jersey.[7][8]
Scientology teaches that people are immortal beings who have forgotten their true nature.[9] Its method of spiritual rehabilitation is a type of counselling known asauditing, in which an auditor guides a subject[10] into consciously re-experiencing painful or traumatic events in his past in order to free himself of the limiting effects of those events.[11] Study materials and auditing sessions are made available to members on a fee-for-service basis, which the church describes as a "fixed donation".[12][13]Scientology is legally recognized as a tax-exempt religion in the United States, South Africa,[14] Australia,[15] Sweden,[16] the Netherlands,[17] New Zealand,[18][19]Portugal,[20] and Spain,[21][22][23][24][25] which facts the Church of Scientology cites in asserting that Scientology is a religion.[26] In contrast, the organization is considered a commercial enterprise in Switzerland, a cult (French secte) in France and Chile, and a non-profit organization in Norway; its legal classification is often a point of contention.
A large number of organizations overseeing the application of Scientology have been established,[27] the most notable of these being the Church of Scientology. Scientology sponsors a variety of social-service programs.[27][28] These include the Narconon anti-drug program, the Criminon prison rehabilitation program, the Applied Scholastics corporation to promote the Study Tech education methodology, the Volunteer Ministers, the World Institute of Scientology Enterprises, and a set of moral guidelines expressed in a booklet called The Way to Happiness.[29]
Scientology is one of the most controversial new religious movements to have arisen in the 20th century. The church is often characterized as a cult, and it has faced harsh scrutiny for many of its practices, which, critics contend, include brainwashing and routinely defrauding its members,[30] as well as attacking its critics and perceived enemies with psychological abuse, character assassination, and costly lawsuits.[13][31][32] In response, Scientologists have argued that theirs is a genuine religious movement that has been misrepresented, maligned, and persecuted.[33] The Church of Scientology has consistently used litigation against its critics, and its aggressiveness in pursuing its opponents has been condemned as harassment.[34][35] Further controversy has focused on Scientology's belief that souls ("thetans")reincarnate and have lived on other planets before living on Earth[36] and that some of the related teachings are not revealed to practitioners until they have paid thousands of dollars to the Church of Scientology.[37][38] Another controversial belief held by Scientologists is that the practice of psychiatry is destructive and abusive and must be abolished.[39][40]
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