
Scale model of a reconstruction of the Mausoleum, one of many widely differing versions, at
Miniatürk, Istanbul
The word
mausoleum has now come to be used generically for an above-ground tomb.
Conquest[edit]
In the 4th century
BCE, Halicarnassus was the
capital of a small regional
kingdom within the
Achaemenid Persian Empire on the western coast of
Asia Minor. In 377 BCE, the nominal ruler of the region,
Hecatomnus of
Milas, died and left the control of the kingdom to his son, Mausolus. Hecatomnus, a local
satrap under the Persians, took control of several of the neighboring cities and districts. After Artemisia and Mausolus, he had several other daughters and sons:
Ada (adoptive mother of
Alexander the Great),
Idrieus and
Pixodarus. Mausolus extended its territory as far as the southwest coast of Anatolia. Artemisia and Mausolus ruled from Halicarnassus over the surrounding territory for 24 years. Mausolus, although descended from local people, spoke
Greek and admired the Greek way of life and government. He founded many cities of Greek design along the coast and encouraged Greek
democratic traditions
[citation needed].
Halicarnassus[edit]
Mausolus decided to build a new capital; a city as safe from capture as it was magnificent to be seen. He chose the city of Halicarnassus. If Mausolus' ships blocked a small
channel, they could keep all enemy warships out. His workmen deepened the city's harbor and used the dredged sand to make protecting
breakwaters in front of the channel
[citation needed]. On land they paved streets and
squares, and built houses for ordinary citizens. And on one side of the harbor they built a massive fortified palace for Mausolus, positioned to have clear views out to sea and inland to the hills — places from where enemies could attack.
Artemisia and Mausolus spent huge amounts of tax money to embellish the city. They commissioned statues, temples and buildings of gleaming
marble. On a hill overlooking the city Artemisia planned to place a resting place for her body, and her husband's, after their death.
In 353 BC, Mausolus died, leaving Artemisia to rule alone. As a tribute to him, she decided to build him a tomb so famous that Mausolus's name is now the
eponym for all stately tombs, in the word
mausoleum. The construction was also so beautiful and unique it became one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Artemisia lived for only two years after the death of her husband. The
urns with their ashes were placed in the yet unfinished tomb. As a form of
sacrifice ritual the bodies of a large number of dead animals were placed on the stairs leading to the tomb, and then the stairs were filled with stones and rubble, sealing the access. According to the historian
Pliny the Elder, the craftsmen decided to stay and finish the work after the death of their patron "considering that it was at once a
memorial of his own fame and of the sculptor's art."
Construction of the Mausoleum[edit]
Artemisia spared no expense in building the tomb. She sent messengers to Greece to find the most talented artists of the time. These included Scopas, the man who had supervised the rebuilding of the
Temple of Artemis at
Ephesus. The famous sculptors were (in the
Vitruvius order): Leochares, Bryaxis, Scopas and Timotheus, as well as hundreds of other craftsmen.