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Virginia Woolf

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This article is about the British modernist author. For the American children's author, see Virginia Euwer Wolff. For the British rock band, see Virginia Wolf. For the cartoon character, see List of Rocko's Modern Life characters.

Virginia Woolf
Virginia Woolf 1902; photograph by George Charles Beresford
Born	Adeline Virginia Stephen (1882-01-25)25 January 1882 South Kensington, London
Died	28 March 1941(1941-03-28) (aged 59) Lewes, Sussex, England
Cause of death	Suicide by drowning
Residence	Monk's House, Rodmell, East Sussex
Nationality	British
Alma mater	King's College London[1]
Occupation	Novelist, essayist, publisher, critic
Spouse(s)	Leonard Woolf (m. 1912–1941)
Parent(s)	Leslie Stephen 1832−1904 Julia Stephen 1846–1895
Relatives	List[show] George Herbert Duckworth (stepbrother) Stella Duckworth (stepsister) Gerald Duckworth (stepbrother) Vanessa Stephen (sister) Thoby Stephen (brother) Adrian Stephen (brother)
Woolf's voice Menu 0:00 BBC radio broadcast 29 April 1937 [2]
Signature

Adeline Virginia Woolf (/wʊlf/;^[3] née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English writer, who is considered one of the foremost modernist authors of the 20th century and a pioneer in the use of stream of consciousness as a narrative device.
She was born in an affluent household in South Kensington, London, attended the Ladies' Department of King's College and was acquainted with the early reformers of women's higher education. Having been home-schooled for the most part of her childhood, mostly in English classics and Victorian literature, Woolf began writing professionally in 1900. During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a central figure in the influential Bloomsbury Group of intellectuals. She published her first novel titled The Voyage Out in 1915, through her half-brother’s publishing house, Gerald Duckworth and Company. Her best-known works include the novels Mrs Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927) and Orlando (1928), and the book-length essay A Room of One's Own (1929),^[4] with its dictum, "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction."
Woolf became one of the central subjects of the 1970s movement of feminist criticism, and her works have since garnered much attention and widespread commentary for "inspiring feminism", an aspect of her writing that was unheralded earlier. Her works are widely read all over the world and have been translated into more than fifty languages. She suffered from severe bouts of mental illness throughout her life and took her own life by drowning in 1941 at the age of 59.

Contents

 [hide] 

• 1 Life
  • 1.1 Family of origin
  • 1.2 22 Hyde Park Gate (1882–1904)
    • 1.2.1 1882–1895
    • 1.2.2 Talland House (1882–1894)
    • 1.2.3 1895–1904
    • 1.2.4 Education
  • 1.3 Bloomsbury: life in squares (1904–1941)
    • 1.3.1 Gordon Square (1904–1907)
    • 1.3.2 Fitzroy Square (1907–1911) and Brunswick Square (1911–1912)
  • 1.4 Marriage (1912–1941)
    • 1.4.1 Hogarth Press (1917–1938)
    • 1.4.2 Vita Sackville-West
  • 1.5 Sussex (1911–1941)
  • 1.6 Mental health
  • 1.7 Death
• 2 Work
  • 2.1 Fiction
  • 2.2 Non-fiction
  • 2.3 Influences
  • 2.4 List of selected publications
• 3 Views
• 4 Modern scholarship and interpretations
  • 4.1 Historical feminism
• 5 In popular culture
• 6 Legacy
  • 6.1 Monuments and memorials
• 7 Family trees
• 8 Notes
• 9 References
• 10 Bibliography
  • 10.1 Books and theses
    • 10.1.1 Biography: Virginia Woolf & Bloomsbury
    • 10.1.2 Biography: Other
    • 10.1.3 Literary commentary
  • 10.2 Chapters and contributions
  • 10.3 Articles
  • 10.4 Websites and documents
  • 10.5 Audiovisual media
  • 10.6 Other
• 11 External links

Life[edit]

Family of origin[edit]

See also: Julia Stephen

Parents

Leslie Stephen 1860

Julia Stephen 1867

Childhood homes

22 Hyde Park Gate, 2015^[a]

Talland House, St. Ives, c. 1882–1895

Virginia Woolf was born Adeline Virginia Stephen on 25 January 1882 at 22 Hyde Park Gate in South Kensington, London^[6] to Julia (née Jackson) (1846–1895) and Leslie Stephen (1832–1904).^[6] Julia Jackson was born in 1846 in Calcutta, Bengal, British India to Dr John and Maria (Mia) Pattle Jackson, from two Anglo-Indian families.^[7] Dr Jackson FRCS was the third son of George Jackson and Mary Howard of Bengal, a physician who spent 25 years with the Bengal Medical Service and East India Company and a professor at the fledgling Calcutta Medical College. While Dr Jackson was an almost invisible presence, the Pattle family (see Pattle family tree) were famous beauties, and moved in the upper circles of Bengali society.^[8] The seven Pattle sisters all married into important families.^[9] Julia Margaret Cameron was a celebrated photographer while Virginia married Earl Somers, and their daughter, Julia Jackson's cousin, was Lady Henry Somerset, the temperance leader. Julia moved to England with her mother at the age of two and spent much of her early life with another of her mother's sister, Sarah. Sarah and her husband Henry Thoby Prinsep, conducted an artistic and literary salon at Little Holland House where she came into contact with a number of Pre-Raphaelite painters such as Edward Burne-Jones, who she modelled for.^[10] Julia was the youngest of three sisters and Adeline Virginia Stephen was named after her mother's oldest sister Adeline Maria (1837–1881)^[11] and her mother's aunt Virginia (see Pattle family tree and Table of ancestors). The Jacksons were a well educated, literary and artistic proconsular middle-class family.^[12][13] In 1867, Julia Jackson married Herbert Duckworth, a barrister,^[14] but within three years was left a widow with three infant children.^[15] She was devastated and entered a prolonged period of mourning, abandoning her faith and turning to nursing and philanthropy. Julia and Herbert Duckworth had three children;^[16]

• George (5 March 1868 – 1934), a senior civil servant, married Lady Margaret Herbert 1904
• Stella (30 May 1869 – 1897), died aged 28^[b]
• Gerald (29 October 1870 – 1937), founder of Duckworth Publishing, married Cecil Alice Scott-Chad 1921

Leslie Stephen was born in 1832 in South Kensington to Sir James and Lady Jane Catherine Stephen (née Venn), daughter of John Venn, rector of Clapham. The Venns were the centre of the evangelical Clapham sect. Sir James Stephen was the under secretary at the Colonial Office, and with another Clapham member, William Wilberforce, was responsible for the passage of the Slavery Abolition Bill in 1833.^[6][18] As a family of educators, lawyers and writers the Stephens represented the elite intellectual aristocracy. While his family were distinguished and intellectual, they were less colourful and aristocratic than Julia Jackson's. A graduate and fellow of Cambridge University he renounced his faith and position to move to London where he became a notable man of letters.^[19] In the same year as Julia Jackson's marriage, he wed Harriet Marian (Minny) Thackeray (1840–1875), youngest daughter of William Makepeace Thackeray, who bore him a daughter, Laura (1870–1945),^[c][21] but died in childbirth in 1875. Laura turned out to be developmentally handicapped. and was eventually institutionalised.^[22][23]
The widowed Julia Duckworth knew Leslie Stephen through her friendship with Minny's older sister Anne (Anny) Isabella Ritchie and had developed an interest in his agnostic writings. She was present the night Minny died^[24] and added Lesley Stephen to her list of people needing care, and helped him move next door to her on Hyde Park Gate so Laura could have some companionship with her own children.^{[25][26][27][5]} Both were preoccupied with mourning and although they developed a close friendship and intense correspondence, agreed it would go no further.^[d][28][29] Lesley Stephen proposed to her in 1877, an offer she declined, but when Anny married later that year she accepted him and they were married on March 26, 1878. He and Laura then moved next door into Julia's house, where they lived till his death in 1904. Julia was 32 and Leslie was 46.^[23][30]
Their first child, Vanessa, was born on May 30, 1879. Julia, having presented her husband with a child, and now having five children to care for, had decided to limit her family to this.^[31] However, despite the fact that the couple took "precautions",^[31] "contraception was a very imperfect art in the nineteenth century"^[32] resulting in the birth of three more children over the next four years.^{[e][33][12][34]}