Freud.............the unconsciousness...............deeper meanings........
Inkblots
Below are the ten inkblots of the Rorschach test printed in Rorschach's
Rorschach Test – Psychodiagnostic Plates,
[70] together with the most frequent responses for either the whole image or the most prominent details according to various authors.
| Card | Popular responses[71][72][73] | Comments[74][75] |
|---|
 |
| Beck: | bat, butterfly, moth |
|---|
| Piotrowski: | bat (53%), butterfly (29%) |
|---|
| Dana (France): | butterfly (39%) |
|---|
| When seeing card I, subjects often inquire on how they should proceed, and questions on what they are allowed to do with the card (e.g. turning it) are not very significant. Being the first card, it can provide clues about how subjects tackle a new and stressful task. It is not, however, a card that is usually difficult for the subject to handle, having readily available popular responses. |
 |
| Beck: | two humans |
|---|
| Piotrowski: | four-legged animal (34%, gray parts) |
|---|
| Dana (France): | animal: dog, elephant, bear (50%, gray) |
|---|
| The red details of card II are often seen as blood, and are the most distinctive features. Responses to them can provide indications about how a subject is likely to manage feelings of anger or physical harm. This card can induce a variety of sexual responses. |
 |
| Beck: | two humans (gray) |
|---|
| Piotrowski: | human figures (72%, gray) |
|---|
| Dana (France): | human (76%, gray) |
|---|
| Card III is typically perceived to contain two humans involved in some interaction, and may provide information about how the subject relates with other people (specifically, response latency may reveal struggling social interactions). |
 |
| Beck: | animal hide, skin, rug |
|---|
| Piotrowski: | animal skin, skin rug (41%) |
|---|
| Dana (France): | animal skin (46%) |
|---|
| Card IV is notable for its dark color and its shading (posing difficulties for depressed subjects), and is generally perceived as a big and sometimes threatening figure; compounded with the common impression of the subject being in an inferior position ("looking up") to it, this serves to elicit a sense of authority. The human or animal content seen in the card is almost invariably classified as male rather than female, and the qualities expressed by the subject may indicate attitudes toward men and authority. Because of this Card IV is often called "The Father Card".[76] |
 |
| Beck: | bat, butterfly, moth |
|---|
| Piotrowski: | butterfly (48%), bat (40%) |
|---|
| Dana (France): | butterfly (48%), bat (46%) |
|---|
| Card V is an easily elaborated card that is not usually perceived as threatening, and typically instigates a "change of pace" in the test, after the previous more challenging cards. Containing few features that generate concerns or complicate the elaboration, it is the easiest blot to generate a good quality response about. |
 |
| Beck: | animal hide, skin, rug |
|---|
| Piotrowski: | animal skin, skin rug (41%) |
|---|
| Dana (France): | animal skin (46%) |
|---|
| Texture is the dominant characteristic of card VI, which often elicits association related to interpersonal closeness; it is specifically a "sex card", its likely sexual percepts being reported more frequently than in any other card, even though other cards have a greater variety of commonly seen sexual contents. |
 |
| Beck: | human heads or faces (top) |
|---|
| Piotrowski: | heads of women or children (27%, top) |
|---|
| Dana (France): | human head (46%, top) |
|---|
| Card VII can be associated with femininity (the human figures commonly seen in it being described as women or children), and function as a "mother card", where difficulties in responding may be related to concerns with the female figures in the subject's life. The center detail is relatively often (though not popularly) identified as a vagina, which makes this card also relate to feminine sexuality in particular. |
 |
| Beck: | animal: not cat or dog (pink) |
|---|
| Piotrowski: | four-legged animal (94%, pink) |
|---|
| Dana (France): | four-legged animal (93%, pink) |
|---|
| People often express relief about card VIII, which lets them relax and respond effectively. Similar to card V, it represents a "change of pace"; however, the card introduces new elaboration difficulties, being complex and the first multi-colored card in the set. Therefore, people who find processing complex situations or emotional stimuli distressing or difficult may be uncomfortable with this card. |
 |
| Beck: | human (orange) |
|---|
| Piotrowski: | none |
|---|
| Dana (France): | none |
|---|
| Characteristic of card IX is indistinct form and diffuse, muted chromatic features, creating a general vagueness. There is only one popular response, and it is the least frequent of all cards. Having difficulty with processing this card may indicate trouble dealing with unstructured data, but aside from this there are few particular "pulls" typical of this card. |
 |
| Beck: | crab, lobster, spider (blue) |
|---|
| Piotrowski: | crab, spider (37%, blue),
rabbit head (31%, light green),
caterpillars, worms, snakes (28%, deep green) |
|---|
| Dana (France): | none |
|---|
| Card X is structurally similar to card VIII, but its uncertainty and complexity are reminiscent of card IX: people who find it difficult to deal with many concurrent stimuli may not particularly like this otherwise pleasant card. Being the last card, it may provide an opportunity for the subject to "sign out" by indicating what they feel their situation is like, or what they desire to know. |
Prevalence
United States
The Rorschach test is used almost exclusively by psychologists. Forensic psychologists use the Rorschach 36% of the time.
[77] In custody cases, 23% of psychologists use the Rorschach to examine a child.
[78] Another survey found that 124 out of 161 (77%) of clinical psychologists engaging in assessment services utilize the Rorschach,
[79] and 80% of
psychology graduate programs teach its use.
[80] Another study found that its use by clinical psychologists was only 43%, while it was used less than 24% of the time by school psychologists.
[77]
During
World War II,
United States Army Medical Corps chief psychiatrist Dr.
Douglas Kelley and psychologist
Gustave Gilbert administered the Rorschach test to the 22 defendants in the Nazi leadership group prior to the first
Nuremberg trials.
[81]
United Kingdom
Many psychologists in the United Kingdom do not trust its efficacy and it is rarely used.
[82] Although skeptical about its scientific validity, some psychologists use it in therapy and coaching "as a way of encouraging self-reflection and starting a conversation about the person's internal world."
[22] It is still used, however, by some mental health organisations such as the
Tavistock Clinic.
[83] In a survey done in the year 2000, 20% of psychologists in correctional facilities used the Rorschach while 80% used the
MMPI.
[84]
Japan
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