Wednesday, December 23, 2015

My bad.........i am so tired........it looks like they tried that........

3. History of the Prime Number Theorem

In 1798 Legendre published the first significant conjecture on the size of pi(x), when in his book Essai sur la Théie des Nombres he stated
Legendre:
pi(x) is approximately x/(log x - 1.08366)
Clearly Legendre's conjecture is equivalent to the prime number theorem, the constant 1.08366 was based on his limited table for values of pi(x) (which only went to x = 400,000).  In the long run 1 is a better choice than Legendre's 1.08366.
Gauss was also studying prime tables and came up with a different estimate (perhaps first considered in 1791), communicated in a letter to Encke in 1849 and first published in 1863.
Gauss:
pi(x) is approximately Li(x) (the principal value of integral of 1/log u from u=0 to u=x).
Notice again that Gauss' conjecture is equivalent to the prime number theorem.  Let's compare these estimates:
Table 3. Comparisons of approximations to pi(x)
xpi(x)Gauss' LiLegendrex/(log x - 1)R(x)
1000168178172169168.4
1000012291246123112181226.9
10000095929630958895129587.4
10000007849878628785347803078527.4
10000000664579664918665138661459664667.4
10000000057614555762209576934157403045761551.9
10000000005084753450849235509175195070154250847455.4
10000000000455052511455055614455743004454011971455050683.3
In this table Gauss' Li(x) is always larger than pi(x), this is true for all small x > 2.  However in 1914 Littlewood proved that pi(x)-Li(x) assumes both positive and negative values infinitely often.  In 1986 Te Riele showed there are more than 10180 successive integers x for which pi(x)>Li(x) between 6.62.10370 and 6.69.10370.
Tchebycheff made the first real progress toward a proof of the prime number theorem in 1850, showing there exist positive constants a < 1 < b such that
a(x/log x) < pi(x) < b(x/log x)

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